Krutiika Gala

What are Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) ? A security that tracks an index, commodity, sector, or other asset, but that can be traded on an exchange like a stock. An ETF is called an exchange traded fund because it\’s traded on an exchange just like stocks. Common ETFs are Nifty Bees, S&P 500 ETF, Gold Bees. Exchange traded funds are marketable securities with a specified price for the bundle or index tracked. Easier to trade on an exchange. Popular choice for diversification as it holds various asset classes under one ETF. ETF share prices fluctuate all day as the ETF is bought and sold; this is different from mutual funds that only trade once a day after the market closes. Mechanism of ETF Fund provider owns the underlying assets, designs a fund to track the performance and sell shares in that fund to the investors. Investors own a portion of the ETF but not of the underlying asset. ETFs are designed to track the value of an underlying asset or index. Advantages of ETF Liquidity: ETFs can be sold throughout the day over stock exchanges, though some funds are more frequently traded than others. Lower cost: ETFs have much lower expense ratios than traditional mutual funds. Transparency: ETFs disclose the fund’s holdings and its NAV daily for open-ended schemes and close-ended schemes. Diversification: ETFs allow investors to diversify their portfolio across horizontals such as industries, sectors, styles, or countries. Types of ETFs Equity ETFs Equity ETFs track an index of equities. You can choose ETFs covering large businesses, small businesses, or stocks from a specific country. Equity ETFs also let you target sectors that might be doing well at that time, like tech stocks or banking stocks, which makes them a popular choice. Bond/Fixed Income ETFs Spreading your investment risk is just good practice. That’s why most professionals will also invest in fixed-income and bond ETFs that provide steady return at potentially lower risk than equity ETFs. Commodity ETFs Often harder to access than stocks, ETFs are a great way to get into commodities like gold, silver or oil. These are an attractive alternative to stocks to further diversify your portfolio and risk. Currency ETFs Currency ETFs will invest in either a single currency, like the US dollar, or a basket of currencies. The ETF will either invest in the currency directly, use derivatives or a mix of the two.

Corporate finance deals with how corporations address funding sources, capital structuring, accounting, and investment decisions. Corporate finance is also often concerned with maximizing shareholder value through long- and short-term financial planning and implementing various strategies. Corporate finance activities range from capital investment to tax considerations. Corporate finance has three main areas: capital budgeting, capital financing, and working capital management. Capital budgeting is the process of prioritizing funds toward the most profitable projects. Capital financing is determining how a company\’s investments and endeavour will be financed. Working Finance management is concerned with cash flow for day-to-day operations and maintaining liquidity. Corporate Finance Activities Investments and capital budgeting Investing and capital budgeting includes planning where to place the company’s long-term capital assets in order to generate the highest risk-adjusted returns. This mainly consists of deciding whether or not to pursue an investment opportunity, and is accomplished through extensive financial analysis. Capital financing This core activity includes decisions on how to optimally finance the capital investments (discussed above) through the business’ equity, debt, or a mix of both. Long-term funding for major capital expenditures or investments may be obtained from selling company stocks or issuing debt securities in the market through investment banks. Dividends and return of capital This activity requires corporate managers to decide whether to retain a business’s excess earnings for future investments and operational requirements or to distribute the earnings to shareholders in the form of dividends or share buybacks. Why is Corporate Finance Important? Growth and Expansion: Effective corporate finance strategies allow companies to grow. By making smart investment decisions, businesses can increase their market share and profitability. Risk Management: Understanding finance helps companies identify and mitigate risks. This can include market fluctuations, economic downturns, or changes in consumer behavior. Financial Health: Regular analysis of financial statements and cash flow helps companies maintain good health. This is crucial for attracting investors and ensuring long-term stability. How Companies Raise Funds Equity Financing: This involves selling shares of the company to investors. In exchange, these investors get ownership stakes and a say in company decisions. It’s a way to raise money without incurring debt. Debt Financing: Companies can also borrow money through loans or by issuing bonds. While this gives them immediate cash, it requires regular repayments and interest, which can be a burden. Retained Earnings: Companies can reinvest their profits back into the business instead of paying them out as dividends. This is often a cost-effective way to fund growth.

A blockchain is a distributed database shared among a computer network\’s nodes. They are best known for their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems for maintaining a secure and decentralized record of transactions, but they are not limited to cryptocurrency uses. Blockchains can be used to make data in any industry immutable the term used to describe the inability to be altered. Because there is no way to change a block, the only trust needed is at the point where a user or program enters data. This aspect reduces the need for trusted third parties, which are usually auditors or other humans that add costs and make mistakes. Each blockchain network has various participants who play these roles, among others: Blockchain users – Participants (typically business users) with permissions to join the blockchain network and conduct transactions with other network participants. Regulators – Blockchain users with special permissions to oversee the transactions happening within the network. Blockchain network operators – Individuals who have special permissions and authority to define, create, manage, and monitor the blockchain network. Certificate authorities – Individuals who issue and manage the different types of certificates required to run a permissioned blockchain. How does it work? Let us start with the blocks. Each block contains stored data, as well as its own unique alphanumeric code, called a hash. These cryptographically generated codes can be thought of as a digital fingerprint. They play a role in linking blocks together, as new blocks are generated from the previous block’s hash code, thus creating a chronological sequence, as well as tamper proofing. Any manipulation to these codes’ outputs an entirely different string of gibberish, making it easy for participants to spot and reject misfit blocks. Another key feature to the inner workings of blockchain is decentralization. In lieu of a centralized entity, blockchains distribute control across a peer-to-peer network made up of interconnected computers, or notes. These nodes are in constant communication with one another, keeping the digital ledger up to date. So, when a transaction is taking place among two peers, all nodes take part in validating the transaction using consensus mechanisms. These built-in protocols keep all in-network nodes in agreement on a single data set. No blocks can be added to the blockchain until it is verified and has reached consensus. Luckily, this step has been sped up with the advent of smart contracts, which are self-executing programs coded into a blockchain that automate the verification process. Once a transaction is recorded, it is considered permanent. Blockchains are one-way operations in that there are no reversible actions. This immutability is part of creating transparency across the network and a trustworthy record of all activities on the blockchain.